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The condition characterized by bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer is known as a subdural hematoma. This occurs when there is a tear in the bridging veins that run between the brain's surface and the dural sinuses, often resulting from head trauma. The blood collects in the space beneath the dura mater, causing increased intracranial pressure and potentially leading to neurological deficits.

Understanding the anatomical layers is crucial: the dura mater is the tough outer protective covering of the brain, and the arachnoid layer is the middle layer. When bleeding occurs in the space between these layers, typically as a result of trauma, the condition is termed a subdural hematoma.

In contrast, an epidural hematoma occurs above the dura mater, typically due to arterial bleeding from a skull fracture. Osteomyelitis and osteoporosis are unrelated conditions; the former refers to a bone infection while the latter involves a decrease in bone density, making the bones more fragile. This information helps clarify how the term 'subdural hematoma' specifically relates to the described scenario of bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid layer.