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Methylphenidate is commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) because it is a central nervous system stimulant that works by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine. This enhancement in neurotransmitter activity helps improve focus, attention, and impulse control in individuals with ADHD.

The other medications listed have different primary uses. Sertraline and fluoxetine are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) primarily prescribed for depressive disorders and anxiety; they are not first-line treatments for ADHD. Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic that may be used for certain psychiatric conditions, including manic episodes of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but is not a standard treatment for ADHD.