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The condition characterized by elevated serum sodium levels is hypernatremia. This occurs when sodium concentrations in the blood exceed the normal range, typically above 145 mEq/L. Hypernatremia can result from various factors, including dehydration, excessive salt intake, or certain medical conditions that affect the body's ability to regulate sodium levels.

Elevated serum sodium levels can lead to significant clinical symptoms and complications, such as increased thirst, altered neurological function, and fluid shifts within the body. These shifts can cause cellular dehydration and potentially impact organ systems, making an understanding of hypernatremia critical for healthcare providers.

Other options are associated with different conditions. For instance, hyponatremia refers to low serum sodium levels and can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, and seizures due to cerebral swelling. Cerebral edema is the swelling of the brain that may be caused by various factors, including hyponatremia and other fluid imbalances. Hypokalemia, on the other hand, involves low potassium levels in the blood, which can result in muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias. Each of these conditions underscores the importance of maintaining electrolyte balance but specifically highlights why hypernatremia is associated with elevated serum sodium levels.